Song Jiaoren

    Song Jiaoren (1882 ~ 1913), the character Dun Chu, name Yu Fu, Taoyuan County Xiangchong village (today's eight character road Township Yu Fu village) people。At the age of 6, he entered the private school, and at the age of 17, he entered the Zhangjiang Academy of Taoyuan. Under the influence of Huang Shouyi, the county teacher, and Qu Fangmei, the mountain chief of the academy, he was weak in the imperial examination, concerned about the world events, and began to have anti-Qing thoughts。In the 28th year of Guangxu (1902), he was admitted to Wuchang Ordinary Middle School with excellent results。The next year, the "nine provinces thoroughfare" of Wuhan showed him a new world, by Wu Luzhen and others organized revolutionary groups Wuchang garden mountain party attracted him, often with students Tian Tong, Wu Kun and others talk about the current politics, talk about the revolution, determined to take the road of anti-Qing revolution。In August, Huang Xing went to Wuchang, and the two met and became faithful friends until death。Soon after, Huang Xing was expelled from Wuchang due to his fierce anti-Qing speech and returned to Changsha。Subsequently, Song Jiaoren also returned to Hunan and did liaison work in Changsha and Changde for the establishment of revolutionary groups。

　　On November 4, in the name of going to Huang Xing's 30th birthday party, Song Jiaoren and Huang Xing, Liu Guiyi, Chen Tianhua, Zhang Shizhao, etc., organized the Huaxing Party in Huangzhai, Changsha。In February of the 30th year of Guangxu, the Huaxing Association was formally established in Changsha, and Huang Xing was elected as president and Song as vice president。The purpose of the society is: "Expel the Manchus and restore China"。After its establishment, the Hua Xing Association immediately began to expand its organization and prepare for an armed uprising。Song Jiaoren's activities in Hua Xing Association initially revealed his outstanding organizational ability。In July of that year, Song Jiaoren initiated the creation of a "science institute" in Wuchang, which was used as a cover to carry out revolutionary activities in the new army and schools。That year, Hua Xing will plan in the 70th birthday of the Empress Dowager in Changsha, Yuezhou, Hengyang, Baoqing, Changde at the same time of five insurgences。Song Jiaoren is responsible for organizing and launching the Changde road。In September, Song Jiaoren returned to Changde and set up "Xiangxi Liaison Station" in the five provincial inns in the city.。At the beginning of October, in Changde Bijia City held a meeting of the party was promoted as the leader, everyone agreed: uprising, the congregation disguised as the five Lei Mountain pilgrims, to the Bijia City side of the temple of literature assembly, waiting for command。On November 5, in order to prepare funds, Song Jiaoren went to Changsha and found that the uprising had broken out, and Lu Yuanding, governor of Hunan, ordered a raid。At the end of the year, Song Jiaoren went to Japan via Wuhan and Shanghai。

　　On December 13, 30th year of Guangxu Reign, Song Jiaoren arrived in Japan。No sooner had he settled down than he resumed his revolutionary activities。First, he founded the revolutionary magazine "The Revolution of the twentieth Century", published in June 31。In August, under the advocacy of Sun Yat-sen, the Tongmenghui was established in Tokyo, Japan, and the "Twentieth Century **" was changed into the official newspaper of the Tongmenghui, and Song wrote for the newspaper as the chief prosecutor of the Justice Department of the Tongmenghui。In June of that year, Song Jiaoren entered Japan University of Political Science and Law to study, and entered Waseda University preparatory study in February of the following year, originally planning to enter the undergraduate, due to illness and dropped out。

　　In the spring of Guangxu thirty-three years, Song Jiaoren returned to Andong, Liaoning, to prepare for the Liaodong branch of the Tongmenghui, contacted the northeast "horse" Li Fengchun and others, and planned to launch an armed uprising in Shenyang。During the Northeast activities, learned that Japan attempted to annex the "inter-island" plot, he temporarily put down the revolutionary liaison work, with the help of Japanese friends Pian Shan latent, into the Japanese conspiracy organization of Changbai Mountain, risking his life, to detect a large number of false evidence。After returning to Tokyo, he consulted a large number of classics and soon wrote a book, The Question of Jiandao, arguing that Jiandao and Yanji had been Chinese territory since the Zhou and Qin dynasties。The Japanese government investigated the matter and tried to buy the manuscript with 5,000 gold。If the Qing government is successfully defeated, the Qing government will win the negotiation with Japan based on the strong arguments of this book。

　　In the spring of the second year of Xuantong (1910), the revolutionary forces in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River increased rapidly, and Song Jiaoren proposed to shift the revolutionary center of gravity accordingly。At the end of the year, after returning to Shanghai from Japan, Yu Youren hired him as the chief writer of the Democratic Daily, and he wrote a large number of articles propagating the revolution under the pen name of "Yu Fu"。In July of the following year, Song Jiaoren, Tan Renfeng and Chen Qimei formed the Central General Assembly of Tongmeng Association in Shanghai, and served as general Secretary。He personally or sent people to and from Shanghai and the two Lakes to actively develop the Central General Association branch, raise money, buy weapons and ammunition, and promote the revolutionary process in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River。The revolutionary situation of the two lakes was unprecedented and finally led to the outbreak of the Wuchang uprising。

　　The success of the Wuchang uprising, Song Jiaoren was very happy, he made a big revolutionary public opinion in Shanghai。By publishing articles and sending telegrams, he urged governments to maintain strict neutrality towards the Chinese Revolution and to recognize the revolutionary army as a belligerent group.Internally, it vigorously propagated the purpose of the revolution, explaining that "the doctrine of the revolutionary party is to say that it is to overthrow the evil government, and to fight for the support of the people.。At the same time, he actively encouraged the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River to respond。He published "Hubei Situation Geography" in the Democratic Daily, discussing the importance of Wuchang, repeatedly saying: "Today's situation, the emphasis is on Wuchang.。In addition to excitement, Song Jiaoren was deeply worried about the power of the military and political leaders。On October 24, Huang Xing arrived in Shanghai from Hong Kong, and Song Jiao-ren and Huang Xing "met again after a long absence, and talked about the evening", and advised Huang Xing to lead the new army of the ninth town to seize Nanjing and capture Jiangsu and Zhejiang, so as not to be subject to Li Yuanhong, but Huang Xing refused to listen。On the 28th, Song Jiaoren and Huang Xing arrived in Wuhan。At this time;The organization of the governor's government was largely established, and Song Jiaoren was only enlisted by Ying Hu to assist in foreign affairs。By this time, the great powers had declared their neutrality and there was nothing much to be done in diplomacy。Song tried to mobilize Huang Xing to become the Grand governor of Hunan and Hubei, but failed, he turned to the local government to build manpower, drafted the "Ezhou Treaty Law", after examination and approval, and was immediately promulgated by the military government。This is the first republic constitutional document in Chinese history, which embodies the spirit of modern Western democracy。However, it was not implemented at that time, and Li Yuanhong's position and power were not diminished。Huang Xing presided over the military, the situation is not good。Song Jiaoren left Wuchang on November 13 and decided to go to Nanjing to break new ground。

　　Song Jiaoren traveled between Zhenjiang and Shanghai, urging the attack on Nanjing。On December 2, the ancient city of Nanjing was finally restored。On December 7, the new Jiangsu Provincial Governor's Office was formed, with Song Jiaoren as the head of the administrative department。At this time, more than a dozen provinces had declared independence, stood in the revolutionary camp, and the organization of the provisional central government was an urgent task。Song Jiaoren was also eager to resist Li Yuanhong, but his correct proposition was not understood and repeatedly suffered setbacks。On the issue of implementing the presidential system and the cabinet system, Sun Yat-sen also had differences, Sun Yat-sen advocated the presidential system, Song Jiaoren advocated the cabinet system。On January 1 of the first year of the Republic of China (1912), the Nanjing Provisional Government was established, Sun Yat-sen was the provisional president, and Song Jiaoren was only appointed as the president of the Legal Academy。Many people for Song Jiaoren did not serve as the Secretary General of Internal Affairs and bow, he said: "The secretary general is not the secretary general, has nothing to do with the general purpose, I have advocated the cabinet system, and advocated the cabinet of political parties, now a patchwork, a secretary general does not do worth it.。The republic was created, not our party to take responsibility, bold, Ding so innovation, not enough to say politics。The old bureaucrat was ambiguous and timid. How could he talk about revolution and republicanism?Song Jiaoren attached great importance to legislative work, and soon drafted a draft constitution, the Organization Law of the Provisional Government of the Republic of China, which still advocated the cabinet system and was accepted by Sun Yat-sen。Later, the Provisional Treaty Law was based on Song Jiaoren's Ezhou Treaty Law and the draft Constitution。

　　After Sun Yat-sen gave way to Yuan Shikai, Song Jiaoren became chief of agriculture and forestry in the Tang Shaoyi Cabinet on April 27。His interest was in politics and immediately began to implement his party political ideals。He asked Qiu Ao and others to set up the "Yadong New Newspaper" to "supervise the government, guide the people, consolidate the republic, pay attention to the Republic of China" and published long papers in the newspaper under the pseudonym of "Taoyuan Yu Fu"。In early July, Song Jiaoren resigned as chief of agriculture and forestry, displeased with Yuan Shikai's violation of the Provisional Covenant Law。On July 21, the Tongmenghui Headquarters held a summer assembly, and Song Jiaoren was elected as the director of the General Affairs Department and became the de facto moderator of the Tongmenghui。He quickened the pace of organizing a large party。On August 25, with the Tongmeng Association as the core, the united National Party, the National Communist Party, the Republican Progressive Party and other parties, formed the Chinese Kuomintang, and held a founding meeting。Sun Yat-sen was elected as the chairman, and Song Jiaoren was elected as the director with the votes after Sun Yat-sen and Huang Xing, and was appointed as the acting chairman by Sun Yat-sen。At this time, Sun and Huang's interest and main energy were on practical construction, and Song Jiaoren presided over the Kuomintang headquarters in Beijing。It's the end of the year, and the congressional elections begin。By March of the following year, the Kuomintang had an overwhelming majority。

　　Yuan Shikai deeply felt the threat of Song Jiaoren and the Kuomintang to him, and first tried to win over Song Jiaoren. When Lu Zhengxiang resigned as Prime minister of the Cabinet, Yuan asked Song to become Prime minister of the Cabinet on the condition that he give up the idea of a political party cabinet, which was firmly rejected.Then bribe with money, also failed。October 18, the first year of the Republic of China.Song Jiaoren went south to visit his relatives。Along the way, he widely promoted his political views and showed his opposition to autocracy。At this time, the local elections were more and more favorable to the Kuomintang, and the final victory seemed to be a forecertainty, and the call for Song Jiaoren to be elected as the cabinet premier was also very high。Yuan Shikai's gang became even more nervous, not only making malicious attacks in the press, but also plotting to remove political enemies by assassinating them。In early March of the second year of the Republic of China, Song had just arrived in Shanghai, and received an urgent telegram from Yuan Shikai that he would "go to Beijing today and decide to govern the business"。At 10 PM on March 20, Song planned to take a train from Shanghai to Beijing。Song and the farewell Huang Xing, Yu Youren, Liao Zhongkai and others one by one, was about to board the train, Yuan Shikai sent assassins shot shot, 22 early morning, Song died, only 31 years old。Sun Yat-sen's Elegiac Couplet said Song Jiaoren: "For the protection of citizens, who is not the dead;Bleed for the Constitution, the public is the first."。

The poems of Song Jiaoren

Hide oneself from the top
 

Sunrise snow slide, mountain withered forest leaves empty。

Searching for a winding path, he climbed the highest peak。

Village city sinking cloud bottom, Jiangfan walk in the tree。

Haimen tide is rising, I want to draw a strong bow。

 

Berth Liangzi Lake at night
 

Sunset Pu wind is quick, the sky is low wild trees faint。

Boat according to shallow Nagisa, autumn moon according to people。

Where is the world and the world。

Sleepless night, stroke sword alone pathetique God。


Hanging Huang Huagang martyr Chen Gengxin
　 一
　 The moon alone cloud life, merciless heaven and earth hate He Ping;
　 Changshan fierce end call thief, cliff sea storm lost reinforcements。
　 Especially for the two to stay upright, air teaching through the ages to say good name。
　 Sad Han room road difficult to recover, blood stained azalea tears sound。

　 二
　 Mr. Sea and Sky, The Times are so smooth。
　 Unfortunately Wenshan difficult to save the country, many only Wumu unexpectedly know the soldiers。
　 Thirty years of film dream growth, eternal fame。
　 Hate not in the army light throw, head priceless cry silent。